Prevention and Monitoring for Pipes

Prevention and monitoring

• Cleaning the Hole

• Torque and drag

• Hints of pipe glue – clippings and landslides

• Drilling Parameters

* Hole Cleaning

In high-angle wells, 80% of pipe-glue events are due to hole cleaning

Achieving good cleaning of the hole is the key to preventing non-productive times (NPT) and associated cost (red money) caused by the pipe sticking in the well

Piping Stress Analysis Services

• Vertical Wells Vs. Directional Wells

-Used hole cleaning techniques are effective depending mainly on the angle of the well section.

-The cleaning parameters in the vertical sections are different from those used in the horizontal sections.

-The cleaning of the hole becomes more critical in the sections with angles between 30 and 60 degrees of inclination.

Piping Stress Analysis Services

During drilling, the velocity of the fluid must be strong enough to counteract the effects of gravity, which will make the clippings fall to the bottom of the well. Usually this speed is reached efficiently in the vertical wells, fulfilling well the task of cleaning the hole. 

However, in Direcccionales wells present this problem with greater difficulty. Under the influence of gravity, the clippings will try, but because of the inclination of the well, they do not have to fall far to reach the lower part of the well wall. In this situation, the velocity of the drilling fluid should be higher even in order to keep the clippings going up to the surface.

For a certain inclination of the well will occur a rapid settlement of individual particles in a bed of clippings already existing in the lower part of the well

Once the critical mass has accumulated the particles can slide down the annular very quickly

Conveyer Bar Concept

• Proper use of mud pills can improve hole cleaning in vertical and directional wells.

• High viscosity (preferably heavy) pills are often effective in holes greater than 8 ½ "while low viscosity pills are effective in smaller holes.

• Pumping low viscosity pills followed by a high viscosity (heavy) pill ensures proper hole cleaning in large diameter wells in vertical well sections.

• Combining pills with string rotation improves hole cleaning

• The specific volume of the pills should be determined based on the diameter of the hole and the calculation of the hydrostatic column.

• Pumped pills have to be carefully monitored and the returns of clippings need to be assessed

String rotation

The rotation of the string:

Increases flow velocity in hole walls

Keeps cuts off the walls (speed and mechanical strength effects)

contributes more as the angle of the well increases

* TORQUE and drag

Increases in Torque and drag trends are indicators of hole problems, such as:

Increase in hole clippings

Hole stability Problems

Tight hole conditions

Tortuosity in the Hole

Drilling equipment problems

Widened hole by erosion ("washouts")

Why monitor Torque and drag variations?

• Evaluate hole deterioration and problems related to well stability

• Check the cleaning efficiency of the hole by circulating in each connection, circulating overhead, bump pumping, calibration trips, etc.

• Detect the formation of clipping beds (combined with DEC, removal of clippings in vibrating nets, etc.)

• Identify torque problems and equipment limitation.

• Finding mud-lubricating capacity failures plus the effects of sludge weight and changes in their properties.

• Define the friction factors for each well and build a data base of friction factors for multiple wells, both for open holes and for coated holes.

• Understand the effects of training.

• Identify changes in angles of inclination and direction – through construction sequences, spinning, laying down, maintaining angles in certain portions of the well.

• Anticipate well problems that affect the run of the liner.

When to monitor?

• On each connection

• While traveling down and out of the hole, especially in open sections.

• After considerable changes in inclination and direction.

• Before, during and after calibration trips.

• Before and after circulating backgrounds and pumping potholes.

• With the auger inside the liner, before drilling out/back into the open hole.

• After an increase/decrease in the weight of the sludge, change of type of sludge or considerable changes in the rheology of the same.

• At full depth after the hole has been cleaned.

• Before and after adding torque reducers such as non-rotating lubricants and pipe protectors etc.

* Hints of pipe glue

Surface Condition and parameter analysis

* Analysis of cuts and landslides

Landslides:

They are fragments of rock caused by the instability of the hole that are transported to the surface by the drilling fluid

Typically landslides are 1 to 2 centimeters long, but their dimensions may vary from millimeters to 10 centimeters or more.

Utility for the analysis of landslides

are an alarm signal about the instability of the hole

They allow to deduce which formations are unstable

Its geometry is an indicator of the fault mechanism

Allow you to define a remedial action

A Mexican recipe for measuring greenhouse gas emissions

Mexico is among the first 13 countries in the world with the largest generation of greenhouse gases (GHG), contributes 1.6% of the total emissions in the atmosphere, and is the main emitter of these gases in Latin America.

Therefore, the country is committed to reducing its emissions by 20% by 2020 and by 50% by 2050 according to its Special Climate Change Program (PECC), which promotes specific initiatives. In 2009, Mexico launched the PECC, in which it agreed on an agenda in conjunction with the private sector to develop a voluntary accounting and reporting system for greenhouse gas emissions, the GHG Program.

Fugitive Emissions Management

The MIF had the opportunity to support this pilot and cutting-edge initiative in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, which aimed to create a culture of accounting for GHG emissions. This initiative was complemented by another initiative that promoted the creation of local capacities for the verification and validation of these inventories, in order to make them comparable, truthful and transparent, and a market for local consulting services, accessible to Mexican companies, could be created. .

Both initiatives created the foundations of an ecosystem that allows the expansion of inventory surveys and their validation and verification at the national level, the definition of performance standards, the estimated cost for mitigation actions, as well as the implementation of a mechanism for gradual recognition of companies for their mitigation efforts.

How to reduce emissions : Mitigation is related to policies and measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Measures may include reducing the demand for goods and services that cause large emissions, driving the increase in efficiency and increasing the use of low carbon and renewable energy technologies.

With correct policies, the increase in the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can slow down and eventually stabilize.

Avoid emissions : Another way to mitigate the effects of climate change is to improve "sinks" -deposits that absorb CO2, such as forests or peat bogs. Leaving existing forests intact and planting new trees are two examples of how this can be achieved.

The United Nations Collaborative Program to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, launched in September 2008, focuses on these aspects of mitigation.

The Government signed a cooperation agreement with a foundation dedicated to studying and promoting actions that help the planet in relation to climate change.

In an event that took place at the Grand Bourg Convention Center, the Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development, Francisco López Sastre, signed a Framework Cooperation Agreement with the Plan 21 Foundation, through which joint work on issues is planned referred to Climate Change and Sustainable Tourism, among other issues related to the environment and its protection.

The signing of the agreement took place within the framework of the launch of the "Carbonocero" proposal and the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, carried out by the president of the Plan 21 Foundation, Fabián Román. The meeting was organized by the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Program under the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of the province and was attended by the General Coordinator, Emiliano Venier and the representative in Costa Rica of the Wildlife Conservation Society (Society for Conservation of Wildlife), Mario Boza.

The holder of the Plan 21 Foundation, said that the framework agreement signed with the Ministry of Environment will allow the actions to be directed through two lines of work, "one is related to climate change and the Carbonocero program. Since the foundation, Román explained, the idea is that the program can be promoted in Salta through the ministry and reach as many people as possible, so that together they can identify mitigation projects of greenhouse gases in municipalities and also in fiscal areas of the province. "

It is also planned to coordinate a system of collaboration between the Foundation and the Ministry, linked to sustainable tourism. Román said that they will "work on specific projects, especially with the different communities so that they can develop sustainable tourism products. We will contribute the knowledge, for example, how can be planned in a more friendly way with the communities, with the cultural and natural heritage, how to address the local social and economic issues through tourism, as well as, bring the province closer to the international actions of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, "said Román, who is also a member, for Latin America, of the board of directors of the World Council of Accreditation in Sustainable Tourism.

What is Carbonocero?

Carbonocero is an initiative of the Plan 21 Foundation of Argentina for Latin America, which aims to disseminate the problem of Climate Change and offer companies and responsible citizens the possibility of mitigating their carbon footprint through a voluntary contribution that will be allocated to finance actions to raise awareness and implement projects to reduce greenhouse gases, afforestation and management of native forests. This activity is carried out through different partners, such as the Conservation and Development of Ecuador and the University for International Cooperation of Costa Rica.

Its mission is to preserve natural resources and improve the quality of communities, facilitating participatory processes and promoting the implementation of better public and private practices within the framework of Sustainable Human Development.

Preliminary Design

Preliminary Design of a SI

It consists in designing an information system that satisfies the requirements, functions and restrictions established in previous phases.

Preliminary and detailed design

• What is a Prototype?

A prototype is a limited representation of the design of a product that allows the parties responsible for its creation to experiment, test it in real situations and explore its use. 

A prototype can be anything from a piece of paper with simple drawings to a complex software.

• What is its utility?

Because they are useful for communicating, discussing and defining ideas between designers and responsible parties. They support the work by evaluating products, clarifying user requirements and defining alternatives.

1) Definition of Purposes 

• Elaborate Different Purposes
• Evaluate existing configuration
• Determine necessary technical configurations

2) Select Purposes

• Carry out a cost-benefit analysis
• Discuss purpose report
• Acquire technology Necessary

3) Refine Purpose 

• Refine Purpose
• Review Purpose
• Prepare a preliminary design report
• Prepare a report on the details of the next phase. Steps of the detailed design of inputs and outputs of an Information System

 Preliminary and detailed design

1) Design Entries : L as input specifications describe how data entered into the system for processing.

2) Design of a File System: The systems ofinformation in companiesthey are oriented to the use of files and databases.

3) Design of specifications for programs: In this stage, the application programs are designed.

4) Design of Procedures: It is the design of the process that will be carried out for the analysis of the data. 5) Design of security controls: The tasks of security supervision and / or privacy of the data are carried out.

6) Output Design : They are the results and information generated by the system.

Let's Build A Better Future With The Sustainable Development Goals

Three years ago, in September 2015, governments around the world agreed on a bold plan. A plan to transform our world into one where people everywhere can have a decent life, prosperity is shared and our planet is protected. 

That plan was called Sustainable Development Goals. The United Nations has spent several years negotiating it, ending with 17 goals and 169 objectives, all of which must be achieved by 2030. 

Because the construction and infrastructure sector builds tomorrow's world, it will play a critical role in determining if we can achieve them. 

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Implications for the construction and infrastructure sector

The construction sector builds places where people live and work, infrastructure for energy and water systems and transport systems that move people, products and raw materials between them.

The construction has to withstand social, economic and environmental impacts during the design and construction process, not to mention the acquisition of materials and services.

The companies that operate in the sector create buildings, infrastructure and places that can last hundreds of years, and a built environment that shapes all our lives.

That means that if we want to achieve the SDGs by 2030, now we must act now. The risks of inaction are too great, but the opportunities are many. For example, according to the United Nations Global Compact, the search for sustainable and inclusive business models could unlock economic opportunities worth at least $ 12 trillion per year by 2030.

How has the sector responded so far?

It is fair to say that until now, the built environment sector has lagged behind others in response to the challenge and opportunity of the SDGs.

There are some notable exceptions: Cundall, for example, has mapped its commercial impact against the SDGs. Siemens has turned Objective 11 into Sustainable Cities and Communities into a central element of its sustainability strategies. And Arup's 2016/17 report says that the SDGs provide "a structure that allows us to identify the problems in which each of our projects can have the greatest impact."

But it is clear that the SDGs have not been achieved by individual companies that work in isolation from each other. The level of ambition required, the challenges faced and the complexity of the systems that impact and are impacted by the SDGs means that joint action will be necessary. In the United Kingdom, United Kingdom stakeholders for Sustainable Development (UKSSD) are created to create a collaborative network, and there are other emerging partnerships worldwide. The impetus is clearly building. However, 58% of the people in Ecobuild had not heard about the objectives.

Should Fracking Be Banned for Oil and Gas Drilling? Get the Real Facts

Before we jump into conclusions and make a decision about if fracking should be banned or not, it is important that we must understand what it is all about. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of injecting millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals into the formations of shale rock at great pressure to spilt the rock to release the gas.

Oil and gas processing facilities

There have been a lot of concerns about whether or not it should be implemented or if alternative methods should be employed to dig out the gas from rocks. It has also been noticed that many companies claim that fracking is not bad, while others come up with a lot of reports showing that the process is dangerous.

Oil and Gas Processing Facilities

Based on these reports, we can summarize a few of the dangers of fracking:

· In the process of fracking, chemicals emitted are toxic. They can contaminate the water and cause health hazards.

· In fracking, hazardous wastewater is produced. It can contain toxic chemicals, and radioactive substances. The disposal of wastewater is potentially unsafe and may be difficult for industries to handle it effectively. It can be dangerous to the environment as well as mankind.

· The process of fracking requires tons of water and local water suppliers may face scarcity of water.

· Natural gas can be migrated to water sources in the process of fracking, causing wells and houses to explode. This can be very dangerous for human beings.

· There are various real time documented cases of contaminated water around drilling sites all over the world.

Above mentioned are the general cases of dangers of fracking. We must not ignore other facts about this process. One of the most important points to be noted here is that scientists do not have much understanding about how much methane gas gets emitted from gas drilling at the site.

Also, it might not be easy for them to understand the total effects of the fracking process on the surroundings. More in-depth research is required to actually know the impact of fracking on mankind, animals and environment. It is also not known what compounds are used by companies to carry out fracking which also affects the amount of toxins.

Despite these concerns, people who live near these sites have faced its impact. We need to listen to what experts would say in this regard. There are safe ways to deploy fracking into oil and gas drilling, such as safe waste accumulation and approved methods of getting rid of it. Also, governments must take preventive measures for the safety of human beings even if there are just a few adverse effects.